Perceptions of foot health services from the perspective of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Finland.

BACKGROUND: Foot health services for people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are an important part of their comprehensive care. However, little is known about the perceptions of people with RA have about foot health services. This study aimed to explore how people with RA perceive foot health services. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was applied. The electronic survey data were collected in April 2023 from people with RA through a national patients' association (N = 2400, response rate 24%, n = 565). The statistical data were analysed using descriptive statistics and textual data with thematic analysis. RESULTS: Most of the respondents (n = 322, 59%) had used foot health services provided by chiropodist or podiatrist. Those who had used services were mostly satisfied but considered patient education about foot health insufficient. One third reported no visits to foot health services at all because of personal and health service system-related factors. CONCLUSIONS: Those people with RA who have access to foot health services value and appreciate the services. However, many people with RA do not use foot health services because they perceive availability of such services limited and thus unequal and hard to access. There is a need to develop foot health services for people with RA so that they are easy to access, correspond to their foot health needs and have seamless care paths at different levels of the health care system.

Understanding the psychosocial determinants of effective disease management in rheumatoid arthritis to prevent persistently active disease: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: According to epidemiological studies, psychosocial factors are known to be associated with disease activity, physical activity, pain, functioning, treatment help-seeking, treatment waiting times and mortality in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Limited qualitative inquiry into the psychosocial factors that add to RA disease burden and potential synergistic interactions with biological parameters makes it difficult to understand patients' perspectives from the existing literature. AIM: This study aimed to gather in-depth patient perspectives on psychosocial determinants that drive persistently active disease in RA, to help guide optimal patient care. METHODS: Patient research partners collaborated on the research design and materials. Semistructured interviews and focus groups were conducted online (in 2021) with patients purposively sampled from diverse ethnicities, primary languages, employment status and occupations. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: 45 patients participated across 28 semistructured interviews and three focus groups. Six main themes on psychosocial determinants that may impact RA management were identified: (1) healthcare systems experiences, (2) patient education and health literacy, (3) employment and working conditions, (4) social and familial support, (5) socioeconomic (dis)advantages, and (6) life experiences and well-being practices. CONCLUSION: This study emphasises the importance of clinicians working closely with patients and taking a holistic approach to care that incorporates psychosocial factors into assessments, treatment plans and resources. There is an unmet need to understand the relationships between interconnected biopsychosocial factors, and how these may impact on RA management.

Moxibustion of Zusanli (ST36) and Shenshu (BL23) alleviates the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis in rats through regulating macrophage migration inhibitory factor/glucocorticoids signaling.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that moxibustion may inhibit rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial inflammation by regulating the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)/glucocorticoids (GCs). METHODS: Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10 each): blank Control (CON) group, RA Model (RA) group, Moxibustion (MOX) group, MIF inhibitor (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) group, and Moxibustion + MIF inhibitor ISO-1 (MOX + ISO-1) group. Rats in the ISO-1 group and ISO-1 + MOX group were intraperitoneally injected with the inhibitor ISO-1. The rats in the RA group, ISO-1 group, MOX group, and ISO-1 + MOX group were injected with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) in the right hind footpad to establish an experimental RA rat model. In the MOX group and MOX + ISO-1 group, rats were treated with Moxa. The thickness of the footpads of the rats in each group was measured at three-time points before, after modeling and after moxibustion treatment. The contents of serum MIF, corticosterone (CORT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and the contents of synovial MIF were detected by Western blot. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining method was used to observe the pathological changes of synovial tissue under a section light microscope, and pathological scoring was performed according to the grading standard of the degree of synovial tissue disease. RESULTS: Moxibustion was found to reduce the level of MIF and alleviate inflammation in RA rats in this study. In addition, after inhibiting the expression of MIF, the level of CORT increased, and the level of TNF-α decreased. Treating RA rats with inhibited MIF by moxibustion, the level of CORT was almost unchanged, but the level of TNF-α further decreased. The correlation analysis data suggested that MIF was positively related to the expression of TNF-α and negatively correlated with the expression of CORT. CONCLUSION: Reducing MIF to increase CORT and decrease TNF-α by moxibustion treatment in RA. MIF may be a factor for moxibustion to regulate the expression of CORT, but the expression of TNF-α is due to the incomplete regulation of the MIF. This study added to the body of evidence pointing to moxibustion's anti-inflammatory mechanism in the treatment of RA.

Promoting physical activity in rheumatoid arthritis through a physiotherapist led behaviour change-based intervention (PIPPRA): a feasibility randomised trial.

Physical activity (PA) is recommended as a key component in the management of people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of a physiotherapist led, behaviour change (BC) theory-informed, intervention to promote PA in people with RA who have low levels of current PA. A feasibility randomised trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03644160) of people with RA over 18 years recruited from outpatient rheumatology clinics and classified as insufficiently physically active using the Godin-Shephard Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants were randomised to intervention group (4 BC physiotherapy sessions in 8 weeks) delivered in person/virtually or control group (PA information leaflet only). Feasibility targets (eligibility, recruitment, and refusal), protocol adherence and acceptability were measured. Health care professionals (HCPs) involved in the study and patients in the intervention and control arms were interviewed to determine acceptability. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data with SPSS (v27) with interviews analysed using content analysis using NVivo (v14). Three hundred and twenty participants were identified as potentially eligible, with n = 183 (57%) eligible to participate, of which n = 58 (32%) consented to participate. The recruitment rate was 6.4 per month. Due to the impact of COVID-19 on the study, recruitment took place over two separate phases in 2020 and 2021. Of the 25 participants completing the full study, 23 were female (mean age 60 years (SD 11.5)), with n = 11 allocated to intervention group and n = 14 to control. Intervention group participants completed 100% of sessions 1 & 2, 88% of session 3 and 81% of session 4. The study design and intervention were acceptable overall to participants, with enhancements suggested. The PIPPRA study to improve promote physical activity in people with RA who have low PA levels was feasible, acceptable and safe. Despite the impact of COVID-19 on the recruitment and retention of patients, the study provides preliminary evidence that this physiotherapist led BC intervention is feasible and a full definitive intervention should be undertaken. Health care professionals involved in the study delivery and the patient participants described a number of positive aspects to the study with some suggestions to enhance the design. These findings hence inform the design of a future efficacy-focused clinical trial.

The role of microbiota on rheumatoid arthritis onset.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and pain, which can lead to the loss of normal joint function. Although the exact cause of the disease is not yet fully understood, both environmental factors and genetics may play a role in its development. Moreover, research suggests microbiota contributes to the onset and progression of RA. People with RA show higher quantities of bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella copri, Proteus mirabilis, and Lactobacillus salivarius compared to healthy individuals. Conversely, studies propose that Lactobacillus casei, a probiotic bacterium with immunomodulatory properties, has beneficial effects for RA in murine and human models. Therefore, this work reviews the potential role of the gut microbiota in the development of RA and explores the feasibility of using probiotic bacteria as a supplementary treatment for this disease.

Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms via Shuttling Proteins.

Our prior investigations have evidenced that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) therapy can significantly improve the outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the proteomics between BMSCs and BMSCs-Exos, and to further elucidate the potential therapeutic effect of BMSCs-Exos on RA, so as to establish a theoretical framework for the prevention and therapy of BMSCs-Exos on RA. The 4D label-free LC-MS/MS technique was used for comparative proteomic analysis of BMSCs and BMSCs-Exos. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model was used to investigate the therapeutic effect of BMSCs-Exos on RA. Our results showed that some homology and differences were observed between BMSCs and BMSCs-Exos proteins, among which proteins highly enriched in BMSCs-Exos were related to extracellular matrix and extracellular adhesion. BMSCs-Exos can be taken up by chondrocytes, promoting cell proliferation and migration. In vivo results revealed that BMSCs-Exos significantly improved the clinical symptoms of RA, showing a certain repair effect on the injury of articular cartilage. In short, our study revealed, for the first time, that BMSCs-Exos possess remarkable efficacy in alleviating RA symptoms, probably through shuttling proteins related to cell adhesion and tissue repair ability in CIA rats, suggesting that BMSCs-Exos carrying expressed proteins may become a useful biomaterial for RA treatment.

Effect of acupuncture on ischaemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide propensity score-matched study.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that acupuncture is beneficial for decreasing the risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DESIGN: A propensity score-matched cohort study. SETTING: A nationwide population-based study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with RA diagnosed between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2010, through the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. INTERVENTIONS: Patients who were administered acupuncture therapy from the initial date of RA diagnosis to 31 December 2010 were included in the acupuncture cohort. Patients who did not receive acupuncture treatment during the same time interval constituted the no-acupuncture cohort. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: A Cox regression model was used to adjust for age, sex, comorbidities, and types of drugs used. We compared the subhazard ratios (SHRs) of ischaemic stroke between these two cohorts through competing-risks regression models. RESULTS: After 1:1 propensity score matching, a total of 23 226 patients with newly diagnosed RA were equally subgrouped into acupuncture cohort or no-acupuncture cohort according to their use of acupuncture. The basic characteristics of these patients were similar. A lower cumulative incidence of ischaemic stroke was found in the acupuncture cohort (log-rank test, p<0.001; immortal time (period from initial diagnosis of RA to index date) 1065 days; mean number of acupuncture visits 9.83. In the end, 341 patients in the acupuncture cohort (5.95 per 1000 person-years) and 605 patients in the no-acupuncture cohort (12.4 per 1000 person-years) experienced ischaemic stroke (adjusted SHR 0.57, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.65). The advantage of lowering ischaemic stroke incidence through acupuncture therapy in RA patients was independent of sex, age, types of drugs used, and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the beneficial effect of acupuncture in reducing the incidence of ischaemic stroke in patients with RA.

Digital health program improves quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective analysis of real-world data.

OBJECTIVES: Sidekick Health launched a 16-week digital support programme for people with rheumatoid arthritis in 2021. The objective of this retrospective analysis was to understand whether quality of life (QoL; sleep quality, energy and stress levels) improved for users engaged with the programme in a real-world setting. METHODS: This analysis included 635 users who engaged with the programme after the first week, out of 1541 who enrolled. Users self-reported QoL up to four times per week on their phones. Survival bias was investigated by comparing pre-post QoL scores of the full analysis set (all users) and the complete case set (programme completers). Users were divided into highly-engaged and less-engaged groups based on the weekly average number of in-app activities by iterative K-means clustering. Mixed models for repeated measures were used to estimate changes in QoL for highly-versus less-engaged groups. RESULTS: Both the full analysis set and the complete case set had significant pre-post improvements in energy and stress; this suggested that survival bias did not have a substantial effect on these real-world data. Both the highly- and less-engaged groups experienced significant longitudinal improvements in all QoL outcomes. Highly-engaged users achieved better scores in energy, stress, and sleep than less-engaged users. Moreover, a significant time-group interaction for sleep showed that highly-engaged users not only had better sleep scores, but also experienced larger improvements over time than less-engaged users. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that a 16-week digital support programme improves self-reported QoL measures, supporting the 2021 EULAR recommendations to incorporate digital healthcare into routine practice. Noteworthy is the study's relevance in the context of the increasing importance of patient empowerment in managing chronic diseases.

Long-term effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: 1-year follow-up of the 'Plants for Joints' randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: In two randomised controlled trials, the Plants for Joints (PFJ) multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention reduced signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or metabolic syndrome-associated hip or knee osteoarthritis (MSOA) compared with usual care. The current study investigated long-term outcomes. METHODS: After completion of two 16-week trials in people with (1) RA or (2) MSOA, control groups switched to the active PFJ intervention. At the end of the intervention, all participants were followed up in a 1-year observational extension study. Primary outcomes were 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) (RA) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) (MSOA). Secondary outcomes included body composition, metabolic outcomes, medication changes and intervention adherence. An intention-to-treat analysis with a linear mixed model was used to analyse within-group changes. RESULTS: 65 (84%) of 77 RA participants and 49 (77%) of 64 MSOA participants completed the extension study. The effects of the PFJ intervention were replicated in the original control groups and sustained within the RA group a year after intervention completion (mean DAS28 -0.9 points; p<0.001), while in the MSOA group mean WOMAC increased towards but remained well under the starting value (-7.8 points, p<0.001). Improvements in C-reactive protein, waist circumference (RA and MSOA); low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (RA); and weight, haemoglobin A1c, blood pressure (MSOA) were also sustained. Participants had a net decrease of medication, and intervention adherence was largely sustained. CONCLUSIONS: A year after the PFJ lifestyle intervention, improvements of disease activity and metabolic outcomes within RA and MSOA groups were largely sustained and related to sustained adherence, with a net decrease of medication. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: NL7800, NL7801.

Immunological studies on acupuncture and moxibustion treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A review.

From the 4 perspectives of T lymphocytes, various cytokines, adenosine and "neuro-endocrine-immune" network, the researches related to the immune mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in recent years were summarized, and different acupuncture and moxibustion treatments were analyzed. The method has a regulatory effect on the mechanism of RA, in order to provide a reference and basis for acupuncture research on the immune mechanism of RA, and promote the further development of research in this field.

A comprehensive review on the role of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease with systemic manifestations. Although the success of immune modulatory drug therapy is considerable, about 40% of patients do not respond to treatment. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to have therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases. AREAS COVERED: This review provides an update on RA disease and on pre-clinical and clinical studies using MSCs from bone marrow, umbilical cord, adipose tissue, and dental pulp, to regulate the immune response. Moreover, the clinical use, safety, limitations, and future perspective of MSCs in RA are discussed. Using the PubMed database and ClincalTrials.gov, peer-reviewed full-text papers, abstracts and clinical trials were identified from 1985 through to April 2023. EXPERT OPINION: MSCs demonstrated a satisfactory safety profile and potential for clinical efficacy. However, it is mandatory to deepen the investigations on how MSCs affect the proinflammatory deregulated RA patients' cells. MSCs are potentially good candidates for severe RA patients not responding to conventional therapies but a long-term follow-up after stem cells treatment and standardized protocols are needed. Future research should focus on well-designed multicenter randomized clinical trials with adequate sample sizes and properly selected patients satisfying RA criteria for a valid efficacy evaluation.

Design an Intervention Study.

Randomized controlled trials are commonly designed to compare the effectiveness of treatments in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In a clinical trial (intervention study), researchers apply interventions or preventive services to patients and examine outcomes. Clinical trial design consists of the following categories: choice of intervention and control, selection of patients, informed consent, baseline measurement, bank specimens, randomized allocation and blinding, and outcome measurements. Here, we discuss the design of clinical trials for RA.

Personalised care packages for people with rheumatoid arthritis: a mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVES: Disease management in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) requires holistic assessment. We aimed to design personalised care packages suitable for people with RA. METHODS: This study was conducted using a mixed-methods approach and exploratory sequential design. Consensus workshops were held, involving people with RA and healthcare professionals (HCPs) treating them. Subsequently, an online survey sought views on future care packages for people with RA at relevant disease progression/stages, based on (1) results from previous quantitative data analyses (eg, socioeconomic/clinical factors), and (2) themes identified during workshops. RESULTS: Two conceptual care pathways were identified: (1) around the time of RA diagnosis, an early opportunity to influence the disease course; (2) for individuals with established RA, emphasising the importance of 'the right MDT member at the right time'.Three care packages were suggested: (1) early care package (around RA diagnosis): introduction to MDT; (2) continuity of care package (established RA): primary/secondary providers; and (3) personalised holistic care package: integral to packages 1 and 2, implemented alongside allied health professionals.The survey received 41 responses; 82.9% agreed that people with RA need a consistent 'early care package' at diagnosis. 85.4% approved of additional care packages tailored to individuals' clinical, psychological and social needs when moving to different stages of their long-term disease. Fleiss' Kappa calculations demonstrated fair level of agreement among respondents. CONCLUSION: Two care pathways, with three tailored care packages, were identified, with potential to improve management of people with RA. Future research will help to determine if such care packages can impact clinical (including patient-reported) outcomes.

Prevalence of anxiety and depression and the association with self-management behaviour in >12 000 patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: a cross-sectional nationwide study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA) and evaluate the association of these mental health issues with self-management behaviour. METHODS: In this nationwide cross-sectional study, we analysed data from 12 713 adult Danish patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or spondyloarthritis (SpA). Patients received an electronic questionnaire covering sociodemographics, self-management behaviour and mental health status. Questionnaire data were linked to clinical data from the Danish Rheumatology database (DANBIO) and the Danish National Patient Registry. The prevalence of anxiety and depression (by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D)) was estimated separately for RA/PsA/SpA. The association between mental health status and low self-management behaviour (adherence to treatment, health activation and physical activity) was estimated using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, educational level and comorbidity. RESULTS: The prevalence of anxiety (HADS-A≥8) was highest for patients with SpA (34.5% (95% CI 32.4% to 36.6%)) and lowest for patients with RA (22.1% (95% CI 21.2% to 23.0%)), it was higher for women, younger (<55 years) and recently diagnosed (<3 years) patients and those with basic education. Similar prevalence estimates were found for depression. Across diagnoses, the clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and depression (HADS≥8) were significantly associated with low self-management behaviour. CONCLUSION: Patients with IA showed substantial levels of anxiety and depression. A statistically significant association between anxiety and depression and low self-management behaviour was identified. These findings call for a systematic approach to identifying mental health issues in patients with IA.

Evaluation of assessable telemedicine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays, the use of telemedicine diagnosis and treatment of various diseases has been considered by physicians, especially in such diseases as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where patients have more weakness and inability to move. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the extent of measurable and nonmeasurable factors in patients with RA and their satisfaction with this method of care. METHODS: The articles published by March 3, 2022, were searched in four databases, including Web of Sciences, Medline, PubMed, and Scopus. This research was conducted using the seven steps of the Cochrane Handbook as a guide. The searched keywords included telemedicine, tele-rheumatoid, rheumatoid arthritis, and immune diseases. RESULTS: A total of 18 articles were included in the present study. In most of these studies, physicians and patients were satisfied with this approach. Nonetheless, there was a dearth of studies on the measurement of evaluable and nonevaluable factors. CONCLUSION: Studies on the benefits of telemedicine for rheumatology are still limited. The effectiveness of this new healthcare approach in diagnosing and evaluating disease activity is still unclear. Some studies demonstrated patient and physician satisfaction with this treatment. In some cases, there is a tendency to show a high risk of bias. In addition, it is unclear to what extent the use of rheumatology traps affects the establishment of medical relationships. It is recommended that more clinical trials be conducted to examine this relationship.

Neutrophils-mediated bioinspired nanoagents for noninvasive monitoring of inflammatory recruitment dynamics and navigating phototherapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

Neutrophils play a crucial role in inflammatory immune responses, but their in vivo homing to inflammatory lesions remains unclear, hampering precise treatment options. In this study, we employed a biomineralization-inspired multimodal nanoagent to label neutrophils, enabling noninvasive monitoring of the dynamic process of inflammatory recruitment and guiding photothermal therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Our nanoagents allowed visualization of neutrophil fate through magnetic resonance imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and fluorescence imaging in the first and second near-infrared windows. Histopathology and immunofluorescence analysis revealed pronounced inflammatory cell infiltration in rheumatoid arthritis compared to the normal limb. Furthermore, the recruitment quantity of neutrophils positively correlated with the inflammatory stage. Additionally, the inherent photothermal effect of the nanoagents efficiently ablated inflammatory cells during the optimal homing time and inflammatory phase. This neutrophil imaging-guided photothermal therapy precisely targeted inflammatory nuclei in rheumatoid arthritis and downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum. These results demonstrate that in vivo tracking of inflammatory immune response cells can significantly optimize the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.

Integrative non-pharmacological care for individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis.

There is increasing knowledge in the recognition of individuals at risk for progression to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before the clinical manifestation of the disease. This prodromal phase preceding the manifestation of RA may represent a "window of opportunity" for preventive interventions that may transform the clinical approach to this disease. However, limited evidence exists in support of effective interventions to delay the onset or even halt the manifestation of RA. Given the multifactorial nature of RA development and disease progression, the latest guidelines for established RA stress the use of integrative interventions and multidisciplinary care strategies, combining pharmacologic treatment with non-pharmacological approaches. Accordingly, individuals at risk of RA could be offered an integrative, multifactorial intervention approach. Current data point toward pharmacological intervention reverting the subclinical inflammation and delay in the disease onset. In addition, targeting life style modifiable factors (smoking cessation, dental health, physical activity, and diet) may presumably improve RA prognosis in individuals at risk, mainly by changes in epigenetics, autoantibodies, cytokines profiles, and microbiome. Nonetheless, the benefits of multidisciplinary interventions to halt the manifestation of RA in at-risk individuals remain unknown. As there is a growing knowledge of possible pharmacological intervention in the preclinical phase, this narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of non-pharmacological treatments in individuals at risk of RA. Considering the mechanisms preceding the clinical manifestation of RA we explored all aspects that would be worth modifying and that would represent an integrative non-pharmacological care for individuals at risk of RA.

Decision-Making Around COVID-19 Public Health Measures and Implications for Self-Care Activities: Experiences of Persons With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to advance understanding of how persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience decision-making about adopting public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Persons living with RA partnered throughout this nested qualitative study. One-to-one semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with participants with RA between December 2020 and December 2021. They were strategically sampled from a randomized controlled trial that was underway to test a physical activity counseling intervention. Analysis was guided by reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-nine participants (aged 26-86 years; 36 women) in British Columbia, Canada were interviewed. We developed three themes. Participants described how their decision-making about public health measures related to 1) "upholding moral values of togetherness" because decisions were intertwined with moral values of neighborliness and reciprocity. Some adapted their self-care routines to uphold these moral values; 2) "relational autonomy-supports and challenges," because they sometimes felt supported and undermined in different relational settings (eg, by family, local community, or provincial government); and 3) "differing trust in information sources," in which decisions were shaped by the degree of faith they had in various information sources, including their rheumatologists. CONCLUSION: Across themes, experiences of decision-making about public health measures during the pandemic were embedded with moral concepts of solidarity, autonomy, and trust, with implications for how persons with RA chose and sustained their self-care activities. Insights gained help sensitize researchers and clinicians to moral issues experienced by persons with RA, which may inform support for self-care activities during and after the pandemic.

Exercise therapy for improving cardiovascular health in rheumatoid arthritis.

There is increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Primary cardiovascular disease prevention in rheumatoid arthritis patients is difficult, especially in those with high disease activity. According to current evidence, people with rheumatoid arthritis can significantly improve clinical indices and patient-reported outcomes by engaging in organized physical activity such as resistance training and aerobic activities. Additionally, participating in an exercise regimen can lower the risk of experiencing cardiovascular problems. Nevertheless, the percentage of patients with sedentary lifestyle habits is high among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Patient education regarding the benefits of physical activity/exercise is essential. The cardiovascular effects of exercise depend on several mechanisms such as (i) increased vascular function, (ii) decreased systemic inflammation, (iii) restoration of the autonomic system, (iv) improved lipid profile, and (v) increased muscular function. Maintaining the exercise routine is crucial for continuing benefits. A customized exercise plan helps to improve adherence and compliance. Engaging patients in shared decision-making is important since their personal choices can alter depending on several factors such as the severity of the disease, the cost, and accessibility. The current narrative review aimed to explore the recent evidence related to exercise therapy for cardiovascular health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.